Evaluación de la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo en adultos colombianos

Introducción: durante las últimas dos décadas, el concepto de capital social se ha utilizado con creciente frecuencia en las ciencias de la salud debido a las relaciones directas e indirectas entre el capital social y la salud física y mental de las poblaciones. Por tanto, es necesario construir un instrumento para cuantificar este concepto con seguridad y confiabilidad. Objetivo: analizar la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de una escala de siete ítems para medir el capital social en adultos de la población general de Colombia. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de validación en línea, que incluyó una muestra de 700 adultos de entre 18 y 76 años, el 68 % eran mujeres. Los participantes completaron una escala de siete ítems llamada Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo (ECSC). El alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald se calcularon para probar la consistencia interna. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para explorar la dimensionalidad de la ECSC. Resultados: la ECSC presentó una consistencia interna baja (alfa de Cronbach de 0,56 y omega de McDonald de 0,59) y pobre dimensionalidad. Seguidamente, se probó una versión de cinco ítems (ECSC-5). La ECSC-5 mostró una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,79 y omega de McDonald de 0,80) y una estructura unidimensional con indicadores de bondad de ajuste aceptables. Discusión: la ECSC-5 presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional para medir el capital cognitivo social en adultos colombianos. Se recomienda la ECSC-5 para la medición del capital social en la población general colombiana. Futuras investigaciones deben corroborar estos hallazgos en aplicaciones de lápiz y papel y explorar otros indicadores de confiabilidad y validez.

Introduction: During the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been used increasingly frequently in health sciences due to the direct and indirect relationships between social capital and populations' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to build an instrument to quantify this concept confidently and reliably. Objective: The study aimed to internal consistency and dimensionality of a seven-item scale to measure social capital in Colombia's general population of adults. Methods: An online validation study included a sample of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years; 68% were females. Participants completed a seven-item scale called the Cognitive Social Capital Scale (CSCS). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were computed to test internal consistency. The authors explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the CSCS. Results: The CSCS presented a low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and McDonald's omega of 0.59) and poor dimensionality. Then, the researchers tested a five-item version (CSCS-5). The CSCS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 and McDonald's omega of 0.80) and a one-dimension structure with acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators. Discussion: The CSCS-5 presents high internal consistency and a one-dimensional structure to measure cognitive capital social in the Colombian sample. Authors can recommend measuring social capital in the general Colombian population. Further research should corroborate this pencil and paper application findings and explore other reliability and validity indicators.

Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Substance Use Among Students from Caribbean Colombian.

Sexual abuse is a public health problem due to its negative impact on physical and mental health. This study aimed to determine the association between sexual abuse and the use of psychoactive substances among high-school adolescents in Colombia. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed in which tenth and eleventh-grade students were included. Overall, a history of sexual abuse was explored with the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and lifetime substance use was assessed with the United States Centers for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Questionnaire. The prevalence of sexual abuse was 17.4%, lifetime alcohol use was 77.4%, cigarette 22.4%, cannabis 11.6%, cocaine 2.7%, and other substances 5.1%. History of sexual abuse was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.10-2.30), cigarette (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.51-2.85), cannabis (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.66-3.56), cocaine (OR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.25-5.04) and use of other substances (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.31-4.13). The history of sexual abuse is related to the use of substances in high school adolescents in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. More studies are needed to identify the impact of sexual abuse on short-term and lifelong mental health.

Exposición a la violencia e ideación suicida en estudiantes universitarios de Santa Marta, Colombia

Introducción: La exposición a la violencia afecta la salud mental. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre este fenómeno en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre la exposición a la violencia e ideación suicida en universitarios de Santa Marta, Colombia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, analítico y transversal. Participaron 1647 estudiantes entre 16 y 24 años (M=20,58, DT=1,715), quienes completaron la Escala de Exposición a la Violencia (α = 0,87) y la Escala de Ideación Suicida de Roberts (α =0,74). Resultados: El modelo de regresión logística ajustado indicó que la exposición directa a la violencia en el colegio (OR=2,02; IC95 %=1,28-3,16) y casa (OR=1,53; IC95 %=1,02-2,29), e indirecta en colegio (OR=1,34; IC95 %= 11,06-1,70) y casa (OR=1,91; IC95 %=1,27-2,88), incrementan la ideación suicida. Conclusiones: La exposición a la violencia en el colegio y en la casa, de forma directa e indirecta, son factores de riesgo para la ideación suicida en estudiantes universitarios.

Introduction: Exposure to violence affects mental health; however, there are few studies on this phenomenon in university students. Objective: To establish the association between exposure to violence and suicidal ideation in university students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Methodology: A quantitative, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out involving 1,647 students between 16 and 24 years old (M=20.58, SD=1.715), who completed the violence exposure Scale (α =0.87) and the Roberts suicidal ideation scale (α =0.74). Results: The adjusted logistic regression model indicated that direct exposure to violence at school (OR=2.02; 95% CI=1.28-3.16) and home (OR=1.53; 95% CI=1.02 -2.29), and indirect exposure at school (OR=1.34; CI95%= 1.06-1.70) and home (OR=1.91; CI95%=1.27-2.88), increased suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Direct and indirect exposure to violence at school and at home are risk factors for suicidal ideation in university students.

Depression among COVID-19 survivors in Colombia.

The COVID-19 survivors are at high risk of meeting the criteria for depression. However, few studies have explored its prevalence and associated factors. The study aimed to know the frequency and variables associated with depression among COVID-19 survivors in Santa Marta, Colombia. A sample of COVID-19 survivors was included. Depression was quantified with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, α = 0.85). Three hundred and thirty survivors participated in the research. They were aged between 18 and 89 years, 61.5% were women, and 49.7% of participants scored above the cut-off point for depression. Depression was associated with female gender, younger age, COVID moderate or severe, and having presented symptoms for more than three weeks. In conclusion, depression occurs in half of the COVID-19 survivors and is higher in younger, women and who report more severe symptoms. Longitudinal studies can provide further information on the long-term impact on the mental health of COVID-19 survivors.

Asociación entre abuso sexual y distrés psicológico en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia / Association between sexual abuse and psychological distress in high-school adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia

Resumen. El abuso sexual es un estresor que incrementa el riesgo de distrés psicológico. El objetivo de la investigación fue cuantificar la asociación entre abuso sexual y distrés psicológico (estrés postraumático, depresión y riesgo suicida) en estudiantes adolescentes en Santa Marta, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal. Participaron 1.462 estudiantes entre 13 y 17 años (M = 15,98; DE = 0,83). El abuso sexual se indagó mediante un ítem único del Cuestionario de Victimización Juvenil y el distrés con la Escala Breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático, la escala de ideación suicida del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos y el Índice de Bienestar General (WHO-5). La prevalencia de abuso sexual fue 17,37%; riesgo de estrés postraumático, 19,36%; riesgo de depresión, 7,05%; y alto riesgo suicida, 13,27%. La historia de abuso sexual se asoció a estrés postraumático (Ajustado OR = 2,41; IC 95% 1,77 -3,28), depresión (AOR = 2,48; IC 95% 1,59-3,88), y riesgo suicida (AOR = 2,51; IC 95% 1,77 -3,56). Se concluye que el abuso sexual es un estresor que incrementa significativamente el riesgo de distrés psicológicos en estudiantes adolescentes en Santa Marta, Colombia. Se necesitan estudios de cohorte para controlar posibles variables de confusión para estas asociaciones.

Abstract. Sexual abuse is a stressor that increases the risk of psychological distress. The research objective was to quantify the association between sexual abuse and psychological distress (post-traumatic stress, depression, and suicide risk) in adolescent students in Santa Marta, Colombia. A cross-sectional, correlational study was designed. One thousand four hundred sixty-two students between the ages of 13 and 17 participated (M = 15.98, SD = 0.83). Sexual abuse was investigated using a single item of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Psychological distress was evaluated with the SPAN (post-traumatic symptoms, suicidal ideation scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies and Well-being Index (WHO-5). The prevalence of sexual abuse was 17.37%; post-traumatic stress, 19.36%; depression, 7.05%; and suicide risk, 13.27%. The sexual abuse history was associated with post-traumatic stress (Adjusted OR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.77 - 3.28), depression (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.59 - 3.88), and suicide risk (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.77 - 3.56). It is concluded that sexual abuse is a stressor that significantly increases the risk of psychological distress in adolescent students in Santa Marta, Colombia. Cohort studies are needed to control for possible confounding variables for these associations.

Función familiar, salud percibida y logro académico en escolares adolescentes / Family Function, Perceived Health and Academic Achievement in School Adolescents

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la relación entre función familiar, salud percibida y logro académico en adolescentes escolarizados en Santa Marta, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal en el que se incluyeron estudiantes de décimo y undécimo grado. Participaron 1462 adolescentes escolares entre 13 y 17 años (M = 15.98; SD = 0.83), 60.32 % eran de género femenino, 76.06 % informó baja función familiar, 24.69 % mala/regular salud percibida y 30.78 % bajo/regular logro académico. La baja función familiar se asoció a salud percibida mala/regular (OR = 2.35; IC95 % 1.66-3.35) y bajo/regular logro académico (OR = 1.50; IC95 % 1.12-2.01). Se concluye que la baja función familiar es un factor de riesgo para la salud percibida y el logro académico. Se necesita más investigación de estas asociaciones.

Abstract This study's objective was to explore the relationship between family function, perceived health, and academic achievement in adolescents enrolled in Santa Marta, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed in which tenth and eleventh-grade students were included. The sample consisted of 1,462 school adolescents between 13 and 17 years old (M = 15.98, SD = 0.83), 60.32% were females, 76.06% reported family dysfunction, 24.69% were poor/fair perceived health and 30.78% low/fair academic achievement. Family function poor was associated with poor/fair perceived health (OR = 2.35, 95%CI 1.66 - 3.35) and low/fair academic achievement (OR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.12 - 2.01). It is concluded that family function poor is associated with poor perceived health and low academic achievement. More research is needed on these associations.

Prevalence and variables associated with insomnia among COVID-19 survivors in Colombia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: The prevalence of insomnia is higher in COVID-19 survivors. However, there is little information about his associated variables. The aimed to know the prevalence and variables associated with insomnia among COVID-19 survivors in Colombian adults. METHOD: Three hundred and thirty COVID-19 survivors participated in a cross-sectional study. Insomnia was quantified with the Athens Insomnia Scale (cut-off score ≤ 6, Cronbach's alpha of 0.90). RESULTS: COVID-19 survivors were between 18 and 89 years (Mean = 47.7, SD = 15.2); the majority were women (61.5%), university-educated (62.4%), low income (71.2%), married or free union (66.1%), not healthcare workers (85.8%), without comorbidities (63.0%), asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 (66.1%), duration of COVID-19 symptoms in less than three weeks (80.0%) and remission of symptoms less two months by the day of study participation (73.0%). Scores on the Athens Insomnia Scale were observed between 0 and 24 (M = 7.3, SD = 5.1, Me = 7, IQR = 3 - 10), 60% presented insomnia. Insomnia was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR = 8.8, 95%CI 2.7 - 29.5), COVID-19 symptoms for more than three weeks (OR = 2.1, 95%CI 1.1 - 3.9), female gender (OR = 1.9, 95%CI 1.2 - 3.2) and married or free union marital status (OR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.1 - 3.0). CONCLUSION: The frequency of insomnia in COVID-19 survivors is high and mainly related to post-traumatic stress, symptoms of COVID-19 for more than three weeks, and the female gender. It is necessary to implement follow-up studies over time to evaluate the persistence of insomnia.

Factors Associated with Cyberbullying Victimisation among Colombian High-School Adolescents.

The study's purpose was to examine the prevalence and explore some factors associated with cyberbullying in high-school adolescents at ​​Santa Marta, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed, which participated in students between 13 and 17 years. Participants completed the item for being a victim of cyberbullying of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey for high school students designed by the Center for Disease Control of the United States. A total of 1462 students answered the questionnaire (M = 14.4 years, SD = 0.8). 19.6% (n = 287) reported lifetime cyberbullying victimisation. Cyberbullying victimisation was associated with post-traumatic stress disorder risk (OR = 2.05, 95%CI 1.51-2.79), lifetime cigarette smoking (OR = 1.91, 95%CI 1.42-2.57), female gender (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.25-2.26), family dysfunction (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.18-2.41), and poor-fair health condition (OR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.08-1.95). Being a victim of cyberbullying is frequent among Colombian high-school adolescents. It is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder risk, cigarette smoking, female gender, family dysfunction, and poor-fair general health condition. Longitudinal investigations are needed to measure better the dynamics of cyberbullying and the nature of such associations.

Relation of perceived discrimination with depression, insomnia and post-traumatic stress in COVID-19 survivors.

The study's objective was to study the association of perceived discrimination with depression, insomnia and post-traumatic stress in people recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Santa Marta, Colombia. COVID-19 survivors were invited to participate. The authors measured perceived discrimination related to COVID-19 (COVID-19 Perceived Stigma Scale), depression (PHQ-9), insomnia (Athens Insomnia Scale), and post-traumatic stress (Brief Davidson Trauma Scale). Three hundred thirty COVID-19 survivors participated in the research; the participants were between 18 and 89 years; 61.52% were females. 32.12% of the participants reported high perceived discrimination; 49.70%, depression; 60.61%, insomnia; and 13.33% post-traumatic stress. After adjusting for age, gender, and income, depression, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress were associated significantly with discrimination perceived by COVID-19. Perceived discrimination is a social stressor that affects the psychological well-being of people recovered from COVID-19. In the follow-up of this group of patients, it is important to consider the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Suicide Ideation in Colombian Caribbean Adolescent Students.

The study aimed to know the prevalence of and some factors associated with suicide ideation in high school adolescents from a Colombian Caribbean city. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed with probability sampling. An expected prevalence of 50% and an alpha error of 5% were estimated. High-school students from public and private institutions were invited to participate. One thousand four hundred sixty-two adolescents participated in, they were aged between 13 and 17 years, and 33.6% of students reported suicide ideation. Suicide ideation was associated with depression risk (OR = 4.54, 95% CI 2.35-8.77), family dysfunction (OR = 4.54, 95% CI 2.35-8.77), sexual violence (OR = 1.92 CI95% 1.33-2.76) and low academic achievement (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.42-2.73). It is concluded that 33.6% of adolescents enrolled in secondary education reported suicide ideation and was associated with depression risk, family dysfunction, sexual abuse, and poor academic achievement.

Suicide risk during the lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Colombia.

The study aimed to estimate the high suicide risk during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Colombian population. A total of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years (M = 37.1, SD = 12.7; 68.0% women) completed an online questionnaire. Findings showed that 7.6% of participants reported a high suicide risk. High suicide risk was associated with high perceived stress related to COVID-19, risk of depressive episode, and insomnia. Our study suggests that 1 out of 13 Colombians in a non-probability sample reports a high suicide risk during COVID-19. Findings need to be corroborated in a representative sample of Colombians.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del cuestionario de APGAR familiar / Confirmatory factor analysis of the family APGAR questionnaire

RESUMEN Introducción: En el contexto colombiano, la escala APGAR familiar es de uso frecuente para evaluar la función familiar. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) que corrobore en estudiantes adolescentes colombianos la estructura unidimensional propuesta. Objetivo: Realizar un AFC a la escala APGAR familiar en estudiantes de media vocacional de Santa Marta, Colombia. Método: Un total de 1.462 estudiantes de décimo y undécimo grado de colegios oficiales y privados diligenció la escala APGAR familiar. Se incluyó a los estudiantes de 13 a 17 anos (media, 16,0 ± 0,8); el 60,3% eran mujeres y el 55,3%, estudiantes de décimo grado. En el AFC se estimaron los estadísticos x2, RMSEA, CFI, TLI y SMSR. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la dimensión con los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Resultados: En el AFC los estadísticos fueron: x2 = 9,11; gl = 5;p = 0,105; RMSEA = 0,024 (IC90%, 0,000-0,048); CFI = 0,998; TLI = 0,996 y SMRS = 0,009. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue 0,819 y el omega de McDonald, 0,820. Conclusiones: Se confirma la estructura unidimensional de la escala APGAR familiar en estudiantes de media vocacional de Santa Marta, Colombia. Este cuestionario es confiable y válido para la medición de función familiar en adolescentes escolarizados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Colombia, the family APGAR questionnaire is often used to evaluate family function. However, there is no confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to corroborate the proposed one-dimensional structure in Colombian adolescent students. Objective: To perform CFA on the APGAR family questionnaire in high-school students of Santa Marta, Colombia. Method: A total of 1462 students of tenth and eleventh grade of official and private schools completed the family APGAR questionnaire. Students between 13 and 17 years old (M=16.0, SD=0.8) were included, of which 60.3% were female, and 55.3% were tenth grade students. The x2, RMSEA, CFI, TLI and SMSR were estimated in the CFA. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated with Cronbach alpha and McDonald omega coefficients. Results: In the CFA the indexes were x2=9.11, df=5, P=.105; RMSEA=.024 (CI90%, .000-.048), CFI=.998, TLI=.996, and SMSR=.009. Cronbach alpha coefficient was .819 and McDonald omega, .820. Conclusions: The one-dimensional structure of the APGAR family scale is confirmed in high-school students of Santa Marta, Colombia. This questionnaire is reliable and valid for the measurement of family function in school-aged adolescents.

Evaluación de las revistas científicas colombianas del área de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud por medio del Índice de Osk / Evaluation of Colombian medical and health sciences journals using the Osk Index

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación de las revistas científicas colombianas del área de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud a través del sistema de medición integral de revistas científicas colombianas que se sustenta en el Índice de Osk. Se analizaron las 33 revistas científicas colombianas de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud indexadas en el Índice Bibliográfico Nacional Publindex en la convocatoria 768 del año 2016, de las cuales solo se tuvieron en cuenta las ediciones y las citas comprendidas entre el periodo del 01 de enero al 31 de diciembre del año 2017. La revista que mayor valor presentó fue Biomédica, con un índice para el año 2017 de 314,30, seguida de la Revista Colombiana de Cardiología con 206,81, y en tercer lugar la Revista de Salud Pública con 201,15, las cuales se agrupan en el nivel O1. En el otro extremo y agrupándose de mayor a menor en el nivel O4 se encuentran la revista Duazary (41,78), la Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia (38,19) y Vitae (35,12). A modo de conclusión, se hace preciso revisar el modelo actual de clasificación de las revistas en Colombia Publindex, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades encontradas durante la revisión. Es por eso que se recomienda la implementación de un modelo o sistema de medición integral, como es en este caso el Índice de Osk(AU)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate Colombian medical and health sciences journals using a comprehensive measurement system for Colombian scientific journals based on the Osk Index. An analysis was conducted of 33 Colombian medical and health sciences journals indexed in the National Bibliographic Index Publindex as of call for papers number 768 of 2016, from which only editions and citations from 1 January to 31 December 2017 were considered. The publication with the highest score was Biomédica, with an index of 314.30 for the year 2017, followed by Revista Colombiana de Cardiología with 206.81 and Revista de Salud Pública with 201.15, all three of them in level O1. On the opposite end, and grouped from highest to lowest in level O4 are the journals Duazary (41.78), Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia (38.19) and Vitae (35.12). Conclusions point to the need to review the classification model currently applied to Colombian journals, Publindex, bearing in mind the particular features revealed by the study. It is therefore recommended to implement a comprehensive measurement model or system, as is the case with the Osk Index(AU)

Confirmatory factor analysis of the family APGAR questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: In Colombia, the family APGAR questionnaire is often used to evaluate family function. However, there is no confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to corroborate the proposed one-dimensional structure in Colombian adolescent students. OBJECTIVE: To perform CFA on the APGAR family questionnaire in high-school students of Santa Marta, Colombia. METHOD: A total of 1462 students of tenth and eleventh grade of official and private schools completed the family APGAR questionnaire. Students between 13 and 17 years old (M = 16.0, SD = 0.8) were included, of which 60.3% were female, and 55.3% were tenth grade students. The χ2, RMSEA, CFI, TLI and SMSR were estimated in the CFA. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated with Cronbach alpha and McDonald omega coefficients. RESULTS: In the CFA the indexes were χ2 = 9.11, df = 5, P = 0.105; RMSEA = 0.024 (CI90%, 0.000-0.048), CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996, and SMSR = 0.009. Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.819 and McDonald omega, 0.820. CONCLUSIONS: The one-dimensional structure of the APGAR family scale is confirmed in high-school students of Santa Marta, Colombia. This questionnaire is reliable and valid for the measurement of family function in school-aged adolescents.

La salud general percibida y su asociación al síndrome de burnout académico e ideación suicida en universitarios colombianos / Perceived general health and its association with academic burnout syndrome and suicide ideation in Colombian university students

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de la salud general percibida y su asociación al síndrome de burnout académico e ideación suicida en universitarios de una institución pública de la ciudad de Santa Marta. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal con componente analítico, en una muestra de 807 estudiantes de una universidad pública, quienes respondieron la escala de salud general (GHQ), el inventario de burnout académico (MBI-SS) y la escala de ideación suicida (CES-D-IS). Resultados: Mostraron el 60 % de los participantes eran mujeres con edades entre 18 a 47 años. El 28 % informa malestar en su salud general percibida. La ideación suicida (OR = 3,16; IC 95 % 1,82 5,49), el agotamiento (OR = 2,22; IC 95 % 1,51 3,25), el cinismo (OR = 1,61; IC 95 % 1,14 2,28), y la ineficacia académica (OR = 1,60; IC 95 % 1,122,28) se asociaron a malestar general percibido. Conclusiones: La ideación suicida y las dimensiones del burnout (agotamiento, cinismo e ineficacia académica) son factores de riesgo para la salud general percibida en los estudiantes universitarios. Se necesita más investigación acerca del papel de variables contextuales en la salud general de los estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of perceived general health and its association to academic burnout syndrome and suicide ideation in university students of a public institution in the city of Santa Marta. Method: A cross-sectional observational study with analytical component was conducted in a sample of 807 students from a public university, who answered the general health scale (GHQ), the academic burnout inventory (MBI-SS) and the suicide ideation scale (CES-D-IS). Results: They showed 60 % of the participants were women between the ages of 18 and 47,28 % reported an impairment in their perceived general health. Suicidal ideation (OR = 3,16; IC 95 % 1,82 5,49), exhaustion (OR = 2,22; IC 95 % 1,51-3,25), cynicism (OR = 1,61; IC 95 % 1,142,28), and academic inefficacy (OR = 1,60; IC 95 % 1,122,28) were associated with perceived general malaise. Conclusions: Suicidal ideation, and burnout dimensions (exhaustion, cynicism and academic inefficiency) are risk factors for perceived general health in university students. More research is needed on the role of contextual variables in the general health of university students.

Healthcare workers' distress and perceived discrimination related to COVID-19 in Colombia.

This study examined the association of perceived discrimination related to COVID-19 with psychological distress in healthcare workers in the Colombian Caribbean region. The authors designed and conducted a cross-sectional study, recruiting a non-probabilistic sample by email or instant messaging. Participants filled out a questionnaire including scales for perceived discrimination, anxiety, depression, perceived stress related to COVID-19, and suicide risk. Healthcare workers (n = 150) aged 18 to 68 years participated; of these, 72% were women, and the breakdown by occupation was 39.3% nursing assistants, 18.0% nurses, and 42.7% physicians. Perceived discrimination scores showed positive correlations with depressive symptoms among nursing assistants and physicians (rs  = 0.34), and suicide risk in nursing assistants (rs  = 0.35) and physicians (rs  = 0.31). Among nurses, all measurements were independent of perceived discrimination. Nursing assistants scored highest in perceived discrimination. Physicians scored higher for COVID-19 perceived stress than nursing assistants, and nurses showed similar scores to physicians. In conclusion, perceived discrimination is related to depressive symptoms and suicide risk among nursing assistants and physicians. Nursing assistants report more perceived discrimination than nurses and physicians.

Risk of a Major Depressive Episode in Asthma and COPD Patients Amidst Colombian SAR-CoV-2 Confinement.

BACKGROUND: Chronic non-communicable diseases, such as asthma (AS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are a public health problem that compromises patients' quality of life and is highly comorbid with medical and psychological conditions. The present study's objective was to know the variables associated with the risk of major depression during confinement due to SAR-CoV-2 in patients with AS and COPD in the Colombian Caribbean. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An online cross-sectional observational study was done with the participation of patients diagnosed with AS or COPD. AS and COPD patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to identify a major depressive disorder risk. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven patients diagnosed with AS or COPD aged 18 to 69 (M=60.4, SD=17.6) participated. The risk of major depression was assessed using the PHQ-9 sent online after telephone contact with the participants. 30.7% of the patients during the last month reported a risk of major depression, and it was associated with a history of major depressive disorder (OR=4.39, 95% CI 1.53-12.67) and medical comorbidity (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.00-2.86). CONCLUSIONS: The depression risk is associated with a history of depressive disorder and medical comorbidity in patients with AS and COPD. Medical history is the leading risk factor for depression during confinement. It is recommended to carry out studies with many participants and study other variables that may mediate said associations during confinement by SAR-CoV-2 in the Colombian Caribbean.

Dimensionalidad, validez nomológica y consistencia interna de la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático en estudiantes de Santa Marta, Colombia / Dimensionality, nomological validity and internal consistency of the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress in students from Santa Marta, Colombia / Dimensionalidade, validade nomológica e consistência interna da escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático em estudantes de Santa Marta, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la dimensionalidad, la validez nomológica y la consistencia interna de la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático en estudiantes de media vocacional de Santa Marta, Colombia. Metodología: En el segundo semestre de 2018, un total de 1462 estudiantes de décimo y undécimo grado, entre 13 y 17 años (M = 16,0; de = 0,8), 60,3 % de sexo femenino, diligenció la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático. Se realizaron análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la dimensión, con los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Resultados: En el análisis factorial exploratorio, la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático mostró Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi cuadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl= 6; p= 0,001), y valor propio de 1,99, que explicó el 49,7 % de la varianza. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio, chi cuadrado = 5,921; gl= 2; p= 0,052; raíz del cuadrado medio del error de aproximación = 0,037 (ic 90 % 0,000-0,072); índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0,985 residual cuadrada media estandarizada = 0,011. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,66, y la omega de McDonald, 0,69. Conclusiones: La escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático es unidimensional, con aceptable consistencia interna.

Abstract Objective: To determine the dimensionality, nomological validity and internal consistency of the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress in average vocational students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Methodology: In the second semester of 2018, a total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh grade students aged between 13 and 17 years old (M = 16.0; DE = 0.8), 60.3% female, filled out the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress showed Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0.714, Barttlet's chi square = 783.3 (gl = 6; p = 0.001), and an eigenvalue of 1.99, which explained 49.7% of the variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, chi square = 5.921; gl = 2; p = 0.052; root of the mean square of the error of approximation = 0.037 (CI 90% 0.000-0.072); comparative adjustment index = 0.955; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.985 standardized mean square residual = 0.011. Cronbach's alpha was 0.66, and McDonald's omega was 0.69. Conclusions: The brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress is one-dimensional, with acceptable internal consistency.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer a dimensionalidade, a validade nomológica e a consistência interna da escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático em estudantes dos últimos dois anos do ensino médio de Santa Marta, Colômbia. Metodologia: No segundo semestre de 2018, um total de 1462 alunos dos anos 10º e 11º, entre 13 e 17 anos (M = 16,0; DE = 0,8), 60,3 % de gênero feminino, preencheram a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático. Análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória foram realizadas. A consistência interna da dimensão foi calculada, com os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald. Resultados: Na análise fatorial exploratória, a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático mostrou Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi quadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl = 6; p = 0,001), e valor próprio de 1,99, que explicou 49,7 % da variância. Na análise fatorial confirmatória, o chi quadrado = 5,921; gl = 2; p = 0,052; raiz do quadrado médio do erro de aproximação = 0,037 (IC 90 % 0,000-0,072); Índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; Índice Tucker- Lewis = 0,985 residual quadrada média estandardizada = 0,011. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,66, e o ômega do McDonald foi 0,69. Conclusões: A escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático é unidimensional, com consistência interna aceitável.

Association between the use of Cannabis and elevated suicide risk in high school adolescents from Santa Marta, Colombia / Asociación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia.

Introduction: The use of Cannabis continues to increase worldwide, especially among adolescents. This use overlaps with cigarette smoking and other illicit and licit drugs and s associated with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. In our national context, little is known about the relationship between Cannabis use and suicide risk. Objective: To evaluate the association between Cannabis use and elevated suicide risk in high school adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of high school students between 13 and 17 years of age from official and private schools. We analyzed the use of Cannabis some time in life and suicide risk was quantified using the suicide ideation scale designed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies on Depression. Scores greater than eight were categorized as a high suicide risk. The crude and adjusted opportunity ratio (OR) was estimated. Results: A total of 1,462 students participated. Their mean age was 14.4 years (SD=0.8) and 60.3% were women. The lifetime prevalence of Cannabis use was 11.6% (95%CI: 10.0-13.2) and 13.3% of the students reported high suicide risk (95%CI: 11.6-15.0). Cannabis consumption was associated with high suicide risk adjusted by other variables (OR=1.88; 95%CI: 1.23-2.88). Conclusions: Cannabis use was associated with high suicide risk in high school adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia. Other variables should be studied in order to further examine this association.

Introducción. La prevalencia del consumo de Cannabis sigue en aumento en el mundo, especialmente, entre adolescentes. Dicho consumo se sobrepone al de cigarrillos y otras sustancias lícitas e ilícitas, y se ha asociado con síntomas depresivos e incremento del riesgo suicida. En el contexto colombiano poco se conoce sobre la relación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo de suicidio. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo suicida en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de estudiantes de media vocacional entre los 13 y los 17 años de edad en colegios oficiales y privados. Se indagó sobre el consumo de Cannabis alguna vez en la vida y se cuantificó el riesgo suicida con la Center for Epidemiologic Studies on Depression Scale. Las puntuaciones superiores a ocho se categorizaron como riesgo suicida elevado. Se estimó la razón de oportunidad (OR) cruda y la ajustada. Resultados. Participaron 1.462 estudiantes. La media para la edad fue de 14,4 años (desviación estándar, DE=0,8) y el 60,3 % correspondía a mujeres. La prevalencia del consumo de Cannabis alguna vez en la vida fue del 11,6 % (IC95% 10,0-13,2) y el 13,3 % (IC95% 11,6-15,0) de los estudiantes presentó riesgo suicida elevado. El consumo de Cannabis se asoció con dicho riesgo ajustado por otras variables (OR=1,88; IC95% 1,23-2,88). Conclusiones. El consumo de Cannabis se asoció con el riesgo suicida elevado en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia.

Asociación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia / Association between the use of Cannabis and elevated suicide risk in high school adolescents from Santa Marta, Colombia

Introducción. La prevalencia del consumo de Cannabis sigue en aumento en el mundo, especialmente, entre adolescentes. Dicho consumo se sobrepone al de cigarrillos y otras sustancias lícitas e ilícitas, y se ha asociado con síntomas depresivos e incremento del riesgo suicida. En el contexto colombiano poco se conoce sobre la relación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo de suicidio. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de Cannabis y el riesgo suicida en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de estudiantes de media vocacional entre los 13 y los 17 años de edad en colegios oficiales y privados. Se indagó sobre el consumo de Cannabis alguna vez en la vida y se cuantificó el riesgo suicida con la Center for Epidemiologic Studies on Depression Scale. Las puntuaciones superiores a ocho se categorizaron como riesgo suicida elevado. Se estimó la razón de oportunidad (OR) cruda y la ajustada. Resultados. Participaron 1.462 estudiantes. La media para la edad fue de 14,4 años (desviación estándar, DE=0,8) y el 60,3 % correspondía a mujeres. La prevalencia del consumo de Cannabis alguna vez en la vida fue del 11,6 % (IC95% 10,0-13,2) y el 13,3 % (IC95% 11,6-15,0) de los estudiantes presentó riesgo suicida elevado. El consumo de Cannabis se asoció con dicho riesgo ajustado por otras variables (OR=1,88; IC95% 1,23-2,88). Conclusiones. El consumo de Cannabis se asoció con el riesgo suicida elevado en adolescentes escolarizados de Santa Marta, Colombia. Es necesario analizar otras variables que pueden mediar esta asociación.

Introduction: The use of Cannabis continues to increase worldwide, especially among adolescents. This use overlaps with cigarette smoking and other illicit and licit drugs and is associated with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. In our national context, little is known about the relationship between Cannabis use and suicide risk. Objective: To evaluate the association between Cannabis use and elevated suicide risk in high school adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of high school students between 13 and 17 years of age from official and private schools. We analyzed the use of Cannabis some time in life and suicide risk was quantified using the suicide ideation scale designed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies on Depression. Scores greater than eight were categorized as a high suicide risk. The crude and adjusted opportunity ratio (OR) was estimated. Results: A total of 1,462 students participated. Their mean age was 14.4 years (SD=0.8) and 60.3% were women. The lifetime prevalence of Cannabis use was 11.6% (95%CI: 10.0 13.2) and 13.3% of the students reported high suicide risk (95%CI: 11.6-15.0). Cannabis consumption was associated with high suicide risk adjusted by other variables (OR=1.88; 95%CI: 1.23-2.88). Conclusions: Cannabis use was associated with high suicide risk in high school adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia. Other variables should be studied in order to further examine this association.